The proposals called for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) or other U.S. government operatives to commit acts of terrorism against American civilians and military targets, blaming them on the Cuban government, and using it to justify a war against Cuba. With projects like the A-12 having proven just how valuable stealth could be for aircraft, and advancements in radar technology on the rise, the demand for an armed, stealth capable . "Operation Sea-Spray was a 1950 U.S. Navy secret experiment in which Serratia marcescens and Bacillus globigii bacteria were sprayed over the San Francisco Bay Area in California. [86], The Olson family disputes the official version of events. The documents will be available on CIA.gov and in the CIA Records Search Tool (CREST) at the National Archives in College Park, Maryland. [45][37], Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi has stated that the CIA repeatedly misled Congress since 2001 about waterboarding and other torture, though Pelosi admitted to being told about the programs. [1] The second goal of the operation was to determine whether the mosquitoes would survive their dispersion and seek meals on the ground. Central Intelligence Agency front organizations, People killed in Central Intelligence Agency operations, International counter-terrorism activities of the CIA, Measurements of Earth Data for Environmental Analysis, Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare, United States and state-sponsored terrorism, United States Joint Publications Research Service, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Central_Intelligence_Agency_operations&oldid=711930997, This page was last edited on 25 March 2016, at 20:06. Atlantas Best Burger Is in a Suburban Gas Station, Review: Land Rover Built a Family SUV With Real Off-Road Chops. [70] Their experiences and lawsuit were adapted in the 1998 television miniseries The Sleep Room. CIA Director Panetta had ordered an internal investigation to determine why Congress had not been informed about the covert program. NPR Fresh Air. The flying discshaped vehicle was supposed toreach speeds of Mach 4;an altitude of 100,000 feet; and have a range of over 1,000 nautical miles. ". When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Its purpose was to develop, test, and evaluate capabilities in the covert use of biological, chemical, and radioactive material systems and techniques of producing predictable human behavioral and/or physiological changes in support of highly sensitive operational requirements. A spokeswoman for Wikipedia said in response that the changes may violate the encyclopedia's conflict-of-interest guidelines. It was learned that not only had the CIA funded Cameron's efforts, but also that the Canadian government was fully aware of this, and had later provided another $500,000 in funding to continue the experiments. Such "ghost detainees" are kept outside judicial oversight, often without ever entering US territory, and may or may not ultimately be devolved to the custody of the United States. [49] In one case, they administered LSD to a mental patient in Kentucky for 174 days. [47], Documents obtained from the CIA by John D. Marks under Freedom of Information in 1976 showed that, in 1953, the CIA considered purchasing 10 kilograms of LSD, enough for 100 million doses. In July 2013, declassified documents from the CIA acknowledged the existence of Area 51 for the first time, and confirmed that the top-secret site was used to test a variety of spy planes, including the well-known U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. Another memorandum dated June 14, 1918 - written in French - reveals the formula used for German secret ink. A knockout pill which can be surreptitiously administered in drinks, food, cigarettes, as an aerosol, etc., which will be safe to use, provide a maximum of amnesia, and be suitable for use by agent types on an ad hoc basis. [59], The Office of Security used LSD in interrogations, but Sidney Gottlieb, the chemist who directed MKUltra, had other ideas: he thought it could be used in covert operations. From a secret U.S Air Force project to build a flying saucer to a now-famous World War II-era research program that produced the first atomic bombs, below are 10 declassified military and CIA secrets. None of Cameron's personal records of his involvement with MKUltra survived because his family destroyed them after his death.[82][83]. A series of top-secret human experiments conducted by the CIA between 1953 and 1973, Project MK-Ultra sought to harness the power of mind-control. Ned Price, a CIA official since 2006, stirred controversy when he published an op-ed in The Washington Post, explaining why he surprised himself by resigning, after he perceived Trump using his visit to CIA HQ for partisan political posturing. Much of what the Church Committee and the Rockefeller Commission learned about MKUltra was contained in a report, prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963, that had survived the destruction of records ordered in 1973. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), 394", "U.S. Senate: Joint Hearing before The Select Committee on Intelligence and The Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 1. Dubbed Operation Crossroads, the test "Between April and November 1956, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted Operation Drop Kick[1] to test the practicality of employing mosquitoes to carry an entomological warfare agent in different ways. In late 2012, the U.S. Air Force declassified a trove of documents, including records of a secret program to build a flying saucer-type aircraft designed to shoot down Soviet bombers. The ACLU also "expressed serious concern about the lack of public information about the policy and the potential for abuse of unchecked executive power. Other highlights from the mammoth declassification include plans for the formerly top secret Berlin Tunnel (above), jokes about Soviets prepared for the agencys deputy director, and a German recipe for invisible ink. In December 2021, radio documentarian Per Wennick discovered 36 boxes of MKUltra records stored at a psychiatric center in a Copenhagen suburb, but when he asked for access, the center shredded the records, in violation of Danish law. He was almost awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedom but was denied it because ofhis Nazi past. One subject of army drug experimentation, James Stanley, an army sergeant, brought an important, albeit unsuccessful, suit. [3], The E14 was designed to hold 100,000 fleas and the E23 was designed to hold 200,000 fleas but the E23 failed in over half of the preliminary Big Itch tests. [12] The program engaged in illegal activities,[13][14][15] including the use of U.S. and Canadian citizens as unwitting test subjects. The explosion created a mushroom cloud that stretched 40,000 feet (12,200 m), and the bomb's explosive power was equivalent to more than 15,000 tons of TNT. The MKSEARCH program was divided into two projects dubbed MKOFTEN and MKCHICKWIT. [52], In Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA set up several brothels within agency safehouses in San Francisco to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. The CIA captured people suspected of being enemy agents and other people it deemed "expendable" to undertake various types of torture and human experimentation on them. [76] That report prompted investigations by the United States Congress, in the form of the Church Committee, and by a commission known as the Rockefeller Commission that looked into the illegal domestic activities of the CIA, the FBI and intelligence-related agencies of the military. The scheme, dreamed up in 1962 by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (uniformed members of the U.S. Department of Defense who advise the president and others), involved committing acts of violence against U.S. and Cuban civilians and then blaming those acts on the Cuban government, according to the NSA documents. Project MKUltra (or MK-Ultra) [a] was an illegal human experimentation program designed and undertaken by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), intended to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used in interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through brainwashing and psychological torture. Jan Schakowsky, Chairwoman, U.S. House of Representatives Intelligence Subcommittee. No matter what you see or hear, don't believe it.". [1][2] One project involved vesicants, one involved phosgene, and five were experiments which involved nerve agents; all seven were approved. CORONA: Americas first Satellite Program (PDF 18.43MB) [24][25] According to John Dinges, author of The Condor Years (The New Press 2003), documents released in 2015 revealed a CIA report dated April 28, 1978 that showed the agency by then had knowledge that U.S.-backed Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet ordered the assassination of Orlando Letelier, a leading political opponent living in exile in the United States.[26]. [39], In 2014, The New York Times reported that "In the decades after World War II, the C.I.A. [63] U.S. Intelligence Chief Dennis Blair testified before the House Intelligence Committee on February 3, 2010, that the U.S. intelligence community is prepared to kill U.S. citizens if they threaten other Americans or the United States. Several of these were not misguided Nazis or opportunistic collaborators but merely embraced Hitler's regime in the name of anticommunism. Presidential approval and reporting of covert actions", "Lawmaker says CIA director ended secret program", "House Passes Intelligence Authorization Bill", "Senators: CIA concealment may have broken law", "Calls grow for probe of CIA plan for al-Qaida hits", "Cheney ordered intel withheld from Congress-senator", "CIA Plan Envisioned Hit Teams Killing al Qaeda Leaders", "House launches investigation into CIA program", "Holt Calls for Next Church Committee on CIA", "House Looks into Secrets Withheld From Congress", "Intelligence chief: U.S. can kill Americans abroad", "Intelligence Official Acknowledges Policy Allowing Targeted Killings of Americans", "CIA organised fake vaccination drive to get Osama bin Laden's family DNA", "CIA's fake vaccination programme criticised by Mdecins Sans Frontires", "Pakistan's War on Polio Falters Amid Attacks on Health Workers and Mistrust", "CIA director John Brennan apologizes for search of Senate committee's computers", "Statement on Intel Committee's CIA Detention, Interrogation Report", "CIA 'terrorist hunters' to quit in opposition to US president", "I didn't think I'd ever leave the CIA, but because of Trump I quit", "Who Is Edward Price? Plan", "The CIA's Appalling Human Experiments With Mind Control", "Buying a Piece of Anthropology: Human Ecology and unwitting anthropological research for the CIA", "Senate MKUltra Hearing: Appendix C Documents Referring to Subprojects, (p. 167, in PDF document page numbering)", "Data shows 50s projects: Germ Testing by the CIA", "The Search for the Manchurian Candidate Chapter 4", "Sidney Gottlieb, 80, Dies; Took LSD to C.I.A. [50] Heroin addicts were bribed into taking LSD with offers of more heroin. The idea here was that the CIA could gain confessions from enemy combatants through unconventional methods like mind-control. The declassified documents reveal plans for the plane to reach a top speed of Mach 4 (four times the speed of sound), and reach an altitude of 100,000 feet (30,480 meters). Before it was called the CIA, it was. Everything was being evaluated on the premise that UFOs couldn't exist. The program was canceled in 1966 after shifting ice created unstable conditions. [33] CIA counter-intelligence chief James Jesus Angleton believed that a mole had penetrated the organization at the highest levels. "[4], In 1969, at the height of the antiwar movement in the US, CIA Director Helms received a message from Henry Kissinger ordering him to spy on the leaders of the groups requesting a moratorium on Vietnam. The Most Astonishing Declassified Military and CIA Secrets A Soviet soldier inside the 350 yard tunnel extending from the American Sector of Berlin into the Soviet Sector on April 26, 1956. According to the Church Committee, "such materials were used on a number of occasions". From 1942 to 1946, Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers led the Manhattan Project. It's not that long, but it wants to be read in small slices because it's a lot of information to digest. [74][unreliable source? [13]:74[16][17][18] Over 7,000 American veterans took part in these experiments non-consensually during the 1950s through 1970s, many of them suing later on. [28] The CIA wanted to use similar methods on their own captives, and was interested in manipulating foreign leaders with such techniques,[25] devising several schemes to drug Fidel Castro. While the government admitted it was, at that time, drugging people without their consent, U.S. District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel found Ritchie could not prove he was one of the victims of MKUltra or that LSD caused his robbery attempt and dismissed the case in 2005. [66] They conducted experiments with drug-induced hypnosis and with anterograde and retrograde amnesia while under the influence of such drugs. "[41], According to Timothy Naftali, "The CIAs central concern [in recruiting former Nazi collaborators] was not so much the extent of the criminals guilt as the likelihood that the agents criminal past could remain a secret. about Become a Part of Our Story. Its hard to imagine a world without Google maps or satellite imagery, but when CORONA was developed in the 1950s, satellite photo-reconnaissance didnt exist. Thanks to the Intelligence Communitys persistence, CORONA resulted in one of the largest declassification projects in American history. Evidence indicates that SNOWDEN had access to the classified documents in question; accessed those documents; and, subsequently, provided those documents to media outlets without authorization and in violation of U.S. William Kampiles, a low-level worker in the CIA 24-hour Operations Center, sold the Soviets a detailed operational manual for the KH-11 reconnaissance satellite. The tests were designed to reveal information about the dispersal of yellow fever mosquitoes in an urban area. Studies in Intelligence, March 2010 [76 Pages, 3.28MB] - The Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) was founded in 1974 in response to Director of Central Intelligence James Schlesinger's desire to create within CIA an organization that could "think through the functions of intelligence and bring the best intellects available to bear . A material which can be surreptitiously administered by the above routes and which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a person to perform physical activity. [90] The case was dismissed in July 2013, due in part to the 1976 settlement between the family and government. It is not as if this was an oversight and over the years it just got buried. Throughout the experiment stages, test subjects werehypnotized and drugged. "80 Institutions Used in CIA Mind Studies: Admiral Turner Tells Senators of Behavior Control Research Bars Drug Testing Now". The U.S. General Accounting Office issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, Department of Defense and other national security agencies studied thousands of human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances. Arrival ceremony for Giulio Andreotti, President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic, April 17, 1973. The Central Intelligence Agency, better known simply as the CIA, has inspired fear, suspicion, and curiosity ever since its official formation in 1947. New York, Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use. [42] The CIA was interested in bird migration patterns for chemical and biological warfare (CBW) research; subproject 139 designated "Bird Disease Studies" at Penn State. [99][100], Sit back picture yourself swooping up a shell of purple with foam crests of crystal drops soft nigh they fall unto the sea of morning creep-very-softly mist and then sort of cascade tinkley-bell-like (must I take you by the hand, ever so slowly type) and then conglomerate suddenly into a peal of silver vibrant uncomprehendingly, blood singingly, joyously resounding bells By my faith if this be insanity, then for the love of God permit me to remain insane.[104]. [62], MKUltra's researchers later dismissed LSD as too unpredictable in its results. June 28, 2007 and Tim Weiner, United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Unethical human experimentation in the United States, Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations, "One of the Most Shocking CIA Programs of All Time: Project MKUltra", "The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief'", "Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe", "Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources", "PROJECT BLUEBIRD | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)", "Advisory on Human Radiation Experiments, July 5, 1994, National Security Archives, retrieved January 16, 2014", "Project MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency's Program of Research into Behavioral Modification. [33] The agency poured millions of dollars into studies examining ways to influence and control the mind and to enhance its ability to extract information from resistant subjects during interrogation. [31], Most MKUltra records were destroyed in 1973 by order of CIA director Richard Helms, so it has been difficult for investigators to gain a complete understanding of the more than 150 funded research subprojects sponsored by MKUltra and related CIA programs. On July 17, 2009, the House Intelligence Committee said it was launching a formal investigation into the secret program. Within a day the mosquitoes had bitten many people. Many veterans who were subjected to experimentation are now seeking legal and monetary reparations. If this principle is violated, the very least that society can do is to see that the victims are compensated, as best they can be, by the perpetrators. In another lawsuit, Wayne Ritchie, a former United States Marshal, after hearing about the project's existence in 1990, alleged the CIA laced his food or drink with LSD at a 1957 Christmas party which resulted in his attempting to commit a robbery at a bar and his subsequent arrest. In one case, seven volunteers in Kentucky were given LSD for seventy-seven consecutive days. "[37], Several investigations led by the Church Committee, Rockefeller Commission and Pike Committee have been conducted about the CIA, and many documents have been declassified. In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential Rockefeller Commission report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA and the Department of Defense had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects as part of an extensive program to find out how to influence and control human behavior through the use of psychoactive drugs such as LSD and mescaline and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. The revelations about the CIA and the army prompted a number of subjects or their survivors to file lawsuits against the federal government for conducting experiments without informed consent. Horrock, Nicholas M. (August 4, 1977). Rappoport, J. [21], The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank Church, concluded that "prior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects." [84] WikiLeaks did not name the source, but said that the files had "circulated among former U.S. government hackers and contractors in an unauthorized manner, one of whom has provided WikiLeaks with portions of the archive. The committee noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for experiments.". The term "torture by proxy" is used by some critics to describe situations in which the CIA[7][8][9][10] and other US agencies have transferred suspected terrorists to countries known to employ torture, whether they meant to enable torture or not. [44] They spent an estimated $10 million or more, roughly $87.5 million adjusted for inflation. Where appropriate, the United States seeks assurances that transferred persons will not be tortured. NASA Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans stands to the left of von Braun. [33][118] The CIA insists that MKUltra-type experiments have been abandoned. [66] Mdecins Sans Frontires criticized the CIA for endangering and undermining trust in medical workers[67] and The New York Times reported that the CIA's action had increased resistance to vaccination programs in Pakistan. "[13][14], The US program has also prompted several official investigations in Europe into alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states. Indeed, as Justice Brennan observes, the United States played an instrumental role in the criminal prosecution of Nazi officials who experimented with human subjects during the Second World War, and the standards that the Nuremberg Military Tribunals developed to judge the behavior of the defendants stated that the 'voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential to satisfy moral, ethical, and legal concepts.' do to Eric Olson's father? Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session", "Chapter 3: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals", "U.S. Senate Report on CIA MKULTRA Behavioral Modification Program 1977", "Science, Technology and the CIA: A National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book", "Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals", "The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence", "U.S. vets say there were human guinea pigs | ABC7 San Francisco | abc7news.com", "80 Institutions Used in CIA Mind Studies: Admiral Turner Tells Senators of Behavior Control Research Bars Drug Testing Now", "Private Institutions Used In C.I.A Effort To Control Behavior. In the 1960s, the U.S. Army embarked on a secret mission to build a series of mobile nuclear missile launch sites under the Greenland ice sheet. The mission of the secret armies was simple: Prepare for a potential communist takeover and lead an armed resistance should such a takeover occur. [61], Some subjects' participation was consensual, and in these cases they appeared to be singled out for even more extreme experiments. The brakes were put on the project in 1961. The CIA exported experiments to Canada when they recruited British psychiatrist Donald Ewen Cameron, creator of the "psychic driving" concept, which the CIA found interesting. The declassified documents reveal plans for the plane to reach a top speed of Mach 4 (four times the speed of sound), and reach an altitude of 100,000 feet (30,480 meters). Declassified CIA File - Project AERODYNAMIC (15 Feb 1967) Original Title: Declassified CIA file - Project AERODYNAMIC (15 Feb 1967) Uploaded by Operation Gladio Description: Source: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1705143/AERODYNAMIC%20%20%20VOL.%205%20%20 (DEVELOPMENT%20AND%20PLANS)_0004.pdf Copyright: Experimental goals included creating "hypnotically induced anxieties", "hypnotically increasing ability to learn and recall complex written matter", studying hypnosis and polygraph examinations, "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall complex arrangements of physical objects", and studying "relationship of personality to susceptibility to hypnosis". 39 ], in 2014, the United States seeks assurances that transferred persons will not tortured... Experiences and lawsuit were adapted in the decades after World War II, the House Intelligence said. 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